Portrait of António de Oliveira Salazar
Register of figuresNo. 10 of 124

António de Oliveira Salazar

Role
Portuguese dictator
Lived
1889–1970
Country of activity
Portugal Portugal
Strongest axis
Autocratic 95%

António de Oliveira Salazar ruled Portugal from 1932 to 1968 as prime minister of the authoritarian Estado Novo regime. He ran a corporatist, Catholic-conservative dictatorship that defended Portugal's colonial empire and relied on censorship and a secret police.

In the 12 Axes register, António de Oliveira Salazar leans hardest on Democratic – Autocratic: Autocratic 95%; the register median is Democratic 68%.

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The twelve axes

Where António de Oliveira Salazar sits on each of the twelve axes, in four categories. The label is our estimate; the line under it says why.

Government

FederalUnitary 83%

Centralized

Unitary Portuguese state with centralized control

DemocraticAutocratic 95%

Autocracy

Estado Novo one-party corporatist dictatorship

Security 83%Freedom

Authoritarian

PIDE secret police and censorship

Diplomacy

InternationalismNationalism 83%

Nationalist

Defended the colonial empire as national identity

Militarist 68%Pacifist

Military-Focused

Fought colonial wars in Africa from 1961

Assimilationist 68%Multiculturalist

Assimilationist

Indigenato statute required natives to assimilate for citizenship

Economy

CollectivizePrivatize

Mixed Economic

Corporatist economy with state-guided syndicates

PlannedMarkets

Balanced

Corporatism as a third way between capitalism and socialism

Isolationism 68%Globalism

Limited Trade

Import substitution, then co-founded EFTA in 1960

Society

IrreligiousReligious 83%

Religious

"God, Fatherland and Family" motto; 1940 Concordat with Vatican

ProgressiveTraditional 95%

Reactionary

Traditionalist, Catholic-conservative social order

AccelerationBioconservative

Neutral

No distinct position on technology

What stands out

Set against the median of all 124 figures in the register.

Most distinctive axis

Democratic – Autocratic

On Democratic – Autocratic, António de Oliveira Salazar is at Autocratic 95%. The register median is Democratic 68%.

Most ordinary axis

Collectivize – Privatize

On Collectivize – Privatize, António de Oliveira Salazar is at balanced 50%, almost the register median of balanced 50%.

Who is closest in the register

Country of this figure

Closeness is 100 minus the root-mean-square distance on all twelve axes.

Sources and image credit

Portrait: Manuel Alves de San Payo, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons, cropped and resized.

About these positions

The tiers on this page are our estimates from public positions and policies. They are not an official statement by the person or the government concerned. Two independent passes scored every axis and a third settled the differences. How the register works. Found a mistake? Write to [email protected].